Nike Brand Equity - 1038 Words

Case 6 Nike Celess Valk MKTG 4082 10/29/12 To answer question one it’s important to not that Nike has created a very powerful image in the minds of consumers in America. Nike wanted consumers to see it as an innovative brand that produces top of the line performance gear that was associated with very powerful and important athletes (mostly males). Their profile users are represented as famous athletes such as Michael Jordan or Tiger Woods. The athletes reflected the brand personalities such as competitive, winners, strong, and better than the rest. This also is a way for Nike to obtain credibility and quality. With the Air Jordan line, Nike sold over $100 million shoes in the first year (129). Nike’s sources of brand equity†¦show more content†¦Even though the sweatshops scandal weakened the image of Nike in the minds of Americans, Nike is still are seen as a powerful brand that emphasizes performance, power, and gives its consumers a vision to be the best. The sweatshops weakened their image in the minds of Americans. As I stated before, aggressive advertisements work for Americans because we are a society that is so strongly attached to our sports, individualism, performance, and are competitive in general. However, as we saw in question 2 that approach doesn’t work well globally. In order to appeal to the world, Nike needed to make some local adjustments as well as global changes for its brand. Europe’s brand equity sources stem mainly from its attachments to the soccer community and apparel line. In 1999 the company’s soccer orders from Europe grew over 100% from the previous year (140). Nike has strong performance, salience, and even resonance in this respect. Although competition, Reebok, may have better imagery, Nike has worked hard to improve theirs in European minds and must be doing something right with numbers that impressive. In Asia, Nike has strong brand equity from its image, performance, and judgments. They didn’t create such strong advertising techniques since they learned their lesson in Europe. This gave Asians a chance to see Nike in a positive light from the start, which makes their brand equity source from judgments and feelings better offShow MoreRelatedNike Brand equity2888 Words   |  12 Pageswas incorporated in 1968. In their thirty-four year history, Nike has primarily been in the business of designing, developing, and marketing athletic footwear, attire, equipment and accessories, Ð ° lot of companies go out on a limb when it comes to business decision or management strategies with Nike Corporation. Nike is Ð ° powerful company. Nike Corporation is a well managed company in Ð ° striking industry, the company has a strong brand image, and they are effectively capturing the value shaped fromRead MoreCbbe Pyramid Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesCBBE Pyramid Powerful brands create meaningful images in the minds of customers (Keller, 1993). A strong brand image and reputation enhances differentiation and has a positive influence on buying behaviour (Gordon et al., 1993; McEnally and de Chernatony, 1999). A brand is a bundle of functional, economic and psychological benefits for the end-user (Ambler, 1995). Brand equity, as defined by Keller (1993), occurs when a brand is known and has some strong, favourable and unique associations in aRead MoreEssay on Nike Marketing Plan1729 Words   |  7 PagesAustin Wang Dr. Sean Jasso Section 22 May 24, 2012 Marketing Plan Stage 2 Nike: Executive Summary: - Bill Bowerman and Phillip Knight found the company as Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964 - Changed the name to Nike in 1978 - Nike Headquarter is located in Beaverton Oregon - Global marketer of footwear, apparel, equipment and accessory products - Offers footwear and products to sports such as tennis,golf, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activitiesRead MoreMarketing Management Debates1421 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 10 Brand extensions Good or Bad: Brand extensions are a good business growth strategy as it allows the company to organically grow revenue.    However, extensions must be carefully evaluated and chosen to ensure that the related affect is what is expected.    For example, the company needs to make sure that any extension to the brand supports those brand elements or attributes that customers associate with the brand.    Any product extensions that conflict, deteriorate or dilute the brand. BrandRead MoreWhat Is a Brand, and Why Is a Strong Brand Important?1152 Words   |  5 Pagespeople say brand, the brands that come to mind straight away would be Coca-Cola, Nike or even Versace. The dictionary defines a brand as ‘a kind or variety of something distinguished by some distinctive characteristic’. However, in marketing terms it is defined as ‘a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of these, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers of a product or service’ (Kotler, Brown, Adam, Burton, Armstrong, 2007). A brand can be definedRead MoreNikes Brand Development Efforts Essay2197 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction One of the fundamental parts of successful brand creation process is developing the strong brand image and communicate brand ID across all available media channels. This essay will discuss and evaluate companies NIKE marketing strategies in terms of companies brand development efforts. The company’s success in the footwear, apparel and accessory markets will be linked with marketing branding concept. Furthermore, the discussion on NIKE marketing strategies and their efforts to preserve andRead MoreGlobal Branding Strategy1264 Words   |  6 Pageså… ¨Ã§ Æ'å“ Ã§â€°Å'ç ­â€"ç• ¥ 1 Chapter Overview Brand definition Global, Regional, and Local Brands Brand Equity The pros and cons of global branding Global Branding Strategies 2 Defining brands BRANDS are symbols associated with a product or service that identifies legally the maker of the product. Brands are then legally protected The right needs to be registered in each country where the brand is sold for the protection to hold. As a competitive advantage, a strong brand can be a sustainable advantageRead MoreHistory of Converse3778 Words   |  16 PagesRaffles College of Design and Commerce Strategic Brand Management Born in Basketball, raised by Rock and Roll Converse – A case study Nailton Oliveira 114MDA3530 April, 2012 INTRODUCTION Branding is, in fact, in the spot these days. They are everywhere. Brands decide where economy or fashion goes. Brands gives names to new actions, make the world even more global and are synonym of power. Knowing how to create a reputation of the company with accurate strategies and acknowledgingRead MoreNote on Measuring Brand Awareness, Brand Image, Brand Equity and Brand Value Pierre Chandon3528 Words   |  15 PagesNote on Measuring Brand Awareness, Brand Image, Brand Equity and Brand Value Pierre Chandon INSEAD March 2003 Note on Measuring Brand Awareness, Brand Image, Brand Equity and Brand Value The purpose of this note is to provide an overview and references on the various methods that can be used to measure brand knowledge (brand awareness and brand image), brand equity and brand value. This note provides a short definition of each concept and illustrations of the most widely-used measurement techniquesRead MoreComplete Project on Nike16139 Words   |  65 PagesA SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON MARKETING STRATEGY OF NIKE AT â€Å"NIKESHOES INDUSTRIES LIMITED† SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) TRAINING SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED BY SESSION 2005-2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The present work is an effort to throw some light on Marketing Strategy of Nike at â€Å"Nike Industries Limited†. The work would not have been possible to come to the present shape without the able guidance, supervision and help

Effects Of Breast Cancer And Its Effects On The Body

Effects of Breast Cancer In the United States alone there are 14 million people living with cancer as of January 1st, 2014, and more than three million of those people have breast cancer (American Cancer Society). Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and can have devastating effects on those with it. The cancer has large effects on the body, mental state, economics, and family of the patient. The body is affected on a cellular level by cancer. Going more into detail, cancer is caused by an error in the replication process of a cell. The cell is changed to rapidly and relentlessly reproduce more replicas of its’ mutated self. These cancer cells, along with the power to multiply quickly, have the innate ability to ignore commands from the body about destruction. If there are ever too many cells in the body, messages are sent to perform apoptosis. Apoptosis is where the cell commits suicide, but cancer cells can become immune to this signal. Together the two combine to make an unstoppable cell growing factory. Originally the body starts with one infected cancerous cell, but as the time goes on more and more mutated cells are made. When a mass of cells is formed with no purpose and begins to take up space a tumor is formed. The tumor causes failure of the normal functions in the afflicted region. Breast cancer is not life threatening, or even harmful, as long as it remains in the breast. The problem with breast cancer comes from when it spreads from the breast to aShow MoreRelatedInformative Breast Cancer Speech Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech: Breast Cancer Attention Getter: What do Sheryl Crow, Judy Blume, Suzanne Somers, Wanda Sykes and my Mother have in common? They are all breast cancer survivors. Topic Disclosure: Today I am going to talk to you about breast cancer information and awareness Preview: During my speech I will discuss: * Symptoms and Diagnosis * Treatment and Side effects * Ways to lower risk and Statistics Audience Link: There is a large amount of men and women who are diagnosedRead MoreReviewing The Topic Of Breast Cancer987 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching the topic of Breast Cancer. In this introduction, it will include a problem about the topic and a valid solution in who to solve it. It also discusses the research and research methods put into this technical report, personal qualifications, work schedule, and lastly a table in which lists a time schedule in which this report will be completed. Introduction Breast cancer has a significant amount of impact on the women, men, and families it effects.Breast cancer is only made of topic oneRead MoreRadiation versus Chemotherapy in the Elderly with Breast Cancer1113 Words   |  5 Pageswith Breast Cancer In clinical practice today the population is increasing in the number of elderly patients, as is the occurrence of breast cancer in women 60 years of age and older. According to Tang et al. (2011) the occurrence of breast cancer in women 65 years old and older is greater than â€Å"400 cases per 100, 000 women† (p. 3). The appropriate treatment options for the elderly are not as standard as those for a younger generation related to the effects the aging process has on the body. SecondaryRead MoreThe Death Of Breast Cancer1386 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer isn’t a death sentence as it was before. Women used to fear being diagnosed with this disease because there was no cure for it. Breast cancer has been around for centuries, but the advancement of medicine has increased the chances of survival, and in the future the improvements will be even greater. The first mention of breast cancer was documented in Egypt in 1600 B.C. It was considered a mysterious disease with no cure to it. In The Edwin Smith Papyrus, there are eight cases of tumorsRead MoreEssay on Breast Cancer Treatment1316 Words   |  6 Pages Breast Cancer Treatment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Only lung cancer kills more women each year in the United States than breast cancer does. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that over 184,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in 1996 (ACS Breast). Although these statistics are alarming, there are a number of treatment options available for those that are diagnosed with breast cancer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The best way to treat any disease is to prevent itRead MoreGender, Ethnicity, Race And Socio Economics Play923 Words   |  4 Pageselements and their effect on awareness, education, active prevention and early detection of cancer, particularly breast cancer in women. Cancer is a disease caused by a mutation and rapid division of cells. Cancer is a general term describing many diseases; essentially there is a wide array of types of cancers. This vast differentiation makes it difficult to combat this disease and similarly the differences among individuals cause the course of this disease to vary greatly, cancer effects people differentlyRead MoreEffects Of Pomegranate On Breast Cancer839 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Pomegranate on Breast Cancer Faiza Khalid and Khalid Wahid Each person knows about Breast cancer these days, due to the fact that humankind witnesses countless organizations working for this sole purpose diligently every day. Periodically we meet or hear individuals struggling with this devastating category of cancer, which is particularly prevalent in women. According to the recent facts and figures from American Cancer Society about the number of deaths from breast cancer in US inRead MoreCancer : Cancer And Cancer1439 Words   |  6 PagesCancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. Cells in any part of the body can become cancerous and they can spread to other areas of the body. â€Å"Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body. (â€Å"What is Breast Cancer?†)† Breast cancer stages range from 0 to 4. Stages 0 and 1 are the earliest detection of cancer development, the cancer cellsRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Type Of Cancer1195 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer is a type of cancer where a malignant tumor is formed in the breast, which continually grows and infects the surrounding tissues [1]. This type of cancer is the most common type of cancer found in women. On average about 26% of women developed breast cancer in 2015 [2]. There are multiple signs and symptoms that can help one become aware if they have the disease. The most prominent key feature is the presence of a lump in your breast or armpit. Such signs may be indicative of breastRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1052 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States will develop breast cancer at some point in her or his life (Breast Cancer Health Center, 2014). I am sure that almost everyone has been affected by breast cancer in one way or another, whether they had it or know someon e who has had it. My mom’s aunt had breast cancer, as did my dad’s mother. My great-aunt luckily caught it early on and had it taken care of. Unfortunately, my grandmother caught it too late; it had spread all over her body and eventually ended up being the

Streetcar named desire reality free essay sample

â€Å"Human kind cannot bear much reality† (Eliot 14). Tennessee Williams’ â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† is an artistic demonstration of T. S. Eliot’s observation. In Streetcar, Blanche, a woman in crisis, visits her sister Stella and brother-in-law Stanley in New Orleans. Blanche is from an upper-class background but has fallen on hard times, both economically and emotionally. Stanley is from a lower-class background with a cruel streak a mile wide. What ensues is a conflict of epic proportions between Stanley and Blanche, with Stella torn between the two. Each character operates within his or her own alternate reality. Through Stella, Stanley and Blanche’s self-deception within this conflict, Williams demonstrates how and to what extent individuals create their own realities in order to maintain the facade of an existence they deem acceptable. Blanche, more so that any of character demonstrates an individual’s ability to live in an alternate reality. Blanche creates an illusion that helps her cope with the type of person she has become because of tragedy she experiences. Blanche’s husband commits suicide after she makes a cruel statement to him when she discovers his affair with a man. Blanche deals with her guilt and loneliness with destructive behavior: she drinks excessively and engages in sexually promiscuous behavior. Ultimately, Blanche is run out of town and comes to live with Stella with nowhere else to go. The facts behind Blanche’s story are sordid. But she does not acknowledge them or even live in a reality where they exist. After all, a womans charm is fifty percent illusion† (2. 129). Blanche creates an illusion where she remains a proper Southern lady who is wanted by rich gentlemen. She arrives at Stella’s house wearing pearls, white gloves and a hat, â€Å"looking as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district† (1. 14). She clings to her Southern aristocratic roots and labels Stanley a â€Å"brute† because of his social status (4. 2). She will not acknowledge that she has fallen on hard times, but instead adopts a reality as it â€Å"ought to be† (9. 43). She strives to convince others to adopt her reality to reinforce her fantasy world (â€Å"I misrepresent things to them. I don’t tell the truth, I tell what ought to be truth†) (9. 43). For Blanche, an alternate reality is not just desirable or more acceptable, it is necessary. Blanche needs the illusion because she cannot exist without it. She cannot see herself as she truly is and go on. When Stanley shatters the illusion, Blanche is destroyed along with it. Like Blanche, Stella also creates a false reality to make her existence acceptable. Stella’s alternate reality does not permeate her life like Blanche’s. But, it is equally destructive. Stella creates an illusion of Stanley as a loving husband to maintain her illusion that everything is fine in her marriage. Stella’s illusion of Stanley is evident on two occasions—when she returns to Stanley after he beats her and when she refuses to believe that Stanley has raped Blanche. When Stanley beats Stella, Stella’s self-deception becomes evident. It is clear at that point that Stanley’s cruelty extends to Stella in their marriage. Blanche tries to convince Stella to leave Stanley. Ironically, Blanche, who clings to illusion herself, tells Stella that she must, Pull (her)self together and face the facts (4. 48). Stella, however, opts for her illusion. She returns to Stanley and maintains the illusion of her happy marriage. Stella again opts for her alternate reality when she refuses to believe that Stanley raped Blanche. Stella recognizes that she cannot maintain the illusion of what her marriage is if she believes Blanche. So, she makes a conscious decision to reject Blanche’s story and maintain her illusion. At the end of the play, Stella explains her decision to her friend Eunice: I couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley (11. 40). In reply, Eunice states, Dont ever believe it. Life has got to go on. No matter what happens, youve got to keep going. (11. 41). Eunice’s reply suggests that she recognizes that Stella is deceiving herself about Stanley in order to maintain the illusion of her marriage. Stella’s statement also suggests a degree of awareness that the illusion of her marriage would be destroyed if she accepted Blanche’s story. Stella is only able to maintain her false reality by rejecting the truth about a brutal rape against her sister. Through Stella actions, Williams demonstrates the extent that an individual will go to in order to maintain an illusion. Both Stella and Blanche’s lives are mired in illusion. Williams suggests that perhaps Stanley’s is as well to a lesser degree. Williams betrays Stanley as a forthright man who speaks truthfully and plainly. From the time he meets Blanche, Stanley is obsessed with revealing Blanche’s lies and deceptions. But, ironically, even Stanley creates an alternate reality that he is better able to accept. After he has driven Blanche insane by his brutal rape, Stanley goes to his family and presents the image of a loving husband and father as Blanche is taken away. Stanley’s alternate reality mirrors the one that Stella has created. In his illusion he is a loving father and husband rather than a cruel bully. So, through Stanley, Williams demonstrates that even those who are firmly seated in reality engage in self-deception to maintain an acceptable facade. Williams’ message in Streetcar seems to be that humans tend to make their own reality when the real one is not to their liking. Blanche, Stella and even Stanley to a lesser degree create false realities. Their illusions cloak actual realities which they are unable or unwilling to bear. The illusions they create allow them to adopt an existence that is acceptable to them—one that is in no way similar to the truth of their lives. Works Cited

Macbeth Essays (787 words) - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth MacBeth Everyone who is mortal has at least one flaw. Some are more serious than others. For example, some people have addictions to gambling, while other people can't remember to put the milk away after they use it. Sooner or later a person's imperfections will come back to haunt them. In the tragedy MacBeth, this premise comes to life. In the play of McBeth, many of the main characters pass away. The reason the characters die is because these characters have flaws, which will eventually lead to their downfall. Not every character is deserving of this destiny. Some characters have minor flaws, which shouldn't lead to their deaths. But, other characters have a major flaws, which is would eventually lead them to their deaths. MacBeth kills the first Thane of Cawdor, for trying to lead a revolution against England. His fatal flaw was that he was according to Ross, a disloyal traitor. The Thane of Cawdor was greedy, who wanted the throne of England for himself, and as a result was murdered. His murder wasn't really depressing because the Thane of Cawdor deserved his fate. He was leading a battle, in which many lost their lives, for the sake of greed, and he deserved to die because of his flaw. Duncan was the King of England, and was murdered by MacBeth. He was murdered, because in order for MacBeth to fulfill his plan and become King, Duncan would have to die. Duncan's fatal flaw was that he was too trusting. For example, he thought that none of his friends could really be enemies. If Duncan was more careful about his safety at MacBeth's castle, he may have had a chance to survive. But, Duncan's flaw wasn't something so horrible that he should have die. Most people need to trust each other more, and just because one person did, he shouldn't have to die. MacBeth also killed MacBeth's former best friend, Banquo. Banquo was killed, because he knew too much about the murder of Duncan. But, that was not his fatal flaw! Banquo's fatal flaw was that although he knew that MacBeth killed Duncan, he really didn't do anything about it. There were many opportunities where Banquo could tell someone such as MacDuff what he thought about the murders. Banquo didn't deserve death, just because he didn't act quickly in telling someone that MacBeth killed Duncan. Banquo knew that if he said anything, no one would believe him, and he would be executed. Lady MacBeth is MacBeth's wife. She is his coconspirator in killing Duncan. Although she helps MacBeth get the courage to commit the murder, she isn't willing to do it herself. She uses the excuse that Duncan looked too much like her father. Unlike MacBeth though, it is harder for Lady MacBeth to live with the fact that she helped cause the murder of the King. And in the end, it makes her so crazy that she commits suicide. Whether or not Lady MacBeth deserved her fate is a tricky question. Although she did encourage MacBeth to murder Duncan, she feels regret for her action. Also, she realized what she did was wrong. But in my opinion, she realized it a little too late, and Duncan was still dead so she did deserve her fate. MacBeth was the focus of the entire play, and that's why it was named after him. All of the problems start when he murder's Duncan. He commits the murder because of his fatal flaw, he is too ambitious. If he weren't so ambitious and determined to be king, then he would never have killed Duncan. And if MacBeth didn't kill Duncan none of the other characters would die. MacBeth deserved his fate more than any other characters in the Play. He did many things wrong. First he killed Duncan, and then he killed Banquo. After that, MacBeth killed MacDuff's family. Worst of all, MacBeth disturbed the balance of nature. Also, MacBeth didn't feel any remorse until he was faced with death. If MacBeth just waited for his time, he would have been king, and have had a chance to enjoy it. Every character that died in MacBeth had one fatal flaw. Thane of Cawdor was a traitor. Duncan was too trusting. Banquo

Summary of How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor

Summary of How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor Free Online Research Papers In the article, â€Å"How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor,† authors C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer capture the ideas that biofuels could cause unfavorable consequences for the world’s poor. Converting a percentage of the world’s corn crop into biofuels is a resourceful way to moderate the country’s precarious reliance on imported oil which will then help farmers.. Notably, the production facilities for biofuels will play a crucial role in future production of biofuel technology. In the beginning of the article, Runge and Senauer explain that in the 1970s, President Jimmy Carter conveyed his support for energy independence. The country then began to slowly purge the use of lead and enhanced ethanol production which incorporated government subsidies and tax breaks. As time went on, ethanol remained unimportant and the United States relied more on importing petroleum. It is suggested that now, with the increased price of oil and more government backing, ethanol is â€Å"all the rage.† The authors recognize that a comprehensive energy policy will halt the country’s dangerous dependence on fossil fuels. Throughout the article it is mentioned that Europe, Brazil, and other countries are also producers of ethanol. Brazil utilizes sugarcane to produce ethanol while Europe is taking advantage of rapeseeds and sunflower seeds while exploring the possibilities of using sugar beets and wheat. Governmental measures are also being used to encourage biodiesel by the European Commission. Runge and Senauer argue that the next generation of biofuels will lessen greenhouse gases but note the cost of developing these fuels. The government tax credits and subsidies have falsely maintained the ethanol business. The authors comment on how innovative sources of oil can be particularly pricey. Also, the article covers the issues that are passed on to consumers, such as of the increase of feed prices impacting the poultry and livestock industries. Runge and Senauer explain that the prices of chicken, turkey, pork, milk, and eggs will intensify and production will regress. In addition to that, the authors point out that the cost of basic foods could drastically be affected by biofuels. If prices remain excessive, the most susceptible countries will be the impoverished ones and those that are dependent on petroleum imports. Although, countries that are major oil exporters are not necessarily safe considering the continued increase in the cost of food. Runge and Senauer comment on the cost of the materials that can be used to manufacture ethanol; they are expected to is if using them becomes viable. In the end of the article, Runge and Senauer go on to compare biofuels and gasoline and the impact on the environment. They explain how using plants other than corn or soybean oils increase the benefits of ethanol and in contrast how harvesting and transporting these other plant matters are high in cost. The authors conclude that an energy-conservation program and investing in energy research will allow the future of our country to be brighter. Runge, C. Ford, and Benjamin Senauer. â€Å"How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor.† Foreign Affairs (2007). 26 Jan.2009 . Research Papers on Summary of â€Å"How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor†Definition of Export QuotasNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and Canada

Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce

Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce By Maeve Maddox The choice of words in a recent Supreme Court dissent prompted this email from a reader: Justice Scalia recently used the terms pure applesauce and jiggery-pokery. I was able to find what jiggery-pokery means but not pure applesauce. Can you help? Jiggery-pokery, as the reader presumably discovered, is a colloquial expression meaning â€Å"deceitful or dishonest manipulation; hocus pocus, humbug.† Merriam-Webster labels it â€Å"chiefly British.† Applesauce is an informal expression meaning, â€Å"insincere flattery, lies.† The OED labels it â€Å"North American slang,† but I found examples in Australian and British usage. â€Å"Pure applesauce† is â€Å"nonsense unmixed with a shred of honesty or truth.† Examples of applesauce to mean nonsense or invention: â€Å"Well, I need you to understand, Lindsay, that that is  a load of applesauce.- Dale: Image of Innocence, Roo Palmer (Australian novelist), 2010.   â€Å"All those grandmas want to talk about the vote. Thats nothing but  a load of applesauce.† Lilies in Moonlight: A Novel, Allison K. Pittman, 2011. â€Å"Well, flattering as this passage may be to my self-esteem, it is, as far as my recollection goes, pure applesauce.†- Owen Barfield (British philosopher), quoted in C. S. Lewiss List: The Ten Books That Influenced Him Most, 2015.   Examples of jiggery-pokery to mean â€Å"deceitful or manipulative goings-on†: But  spare me  this nationalist  jiggery pokery; no one needs to hear it- Reader comment. God only knows what jiggery pokery has been going on with the judicial branch but Id be shocked if they havent also been compromised.- Reader comment. I’ve been busy of late with the new jiggery pokery that is The Children and Families Act  2014, Part 3.- A blogger on children’s issues. Dont come to me with your sociological jiggery-pokery; its all coincidence and barely worthy of remark.- The Guardian (UK). Examples of jiggery-pokery to mean â€Å"manipulation of objects†: Ever since then, Ive been a secret advocate of the ancient Chinese art of needle-based jiggery pokery.- Article about acupuncture, The Week (UK).   I did some techno-jiggery-pokery to let me watch videos outside the country they were meant to be viewed in, but that was in Firefox.- Reader comment in The Guardian. The thrill of it all is in the reactions of the spooked, rather than the clever jiggery-pokery that allows furniture to become mobile or a marble to stop dead at someone’s feet.- Review of The Enfield Haunting, a television miniseries, The Guardian. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should Know15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Ender's game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ender's game - Essay Example Valentine is the elder sister of Ender and due to her compassion; she is able to protect Ender from the sadism and ruthlessness of Peter. As the story progresses, we learn that valentine considers Ender as the best of the brothers and as a result of this loves him more. Her love is the one that ensures that she is able to save Ender when Battle School’s pointlessness is on the brink of breaking him up. She is kind hearted to the point of not wanting to harm anyone deliberately. Peter lacks the compassion that Ender and Valentine have, and instead, ruthlessness rules his life. Peter is so sadistic such that at some points, he even considers killing Ender and Valentine. Coupled to this ruthlessness is Peter’s extreme desire and thirst for power. As a result of this, people can be regarded as an individual who has no humanity. His ruthless further makes him to act for his own selfish interests. Peter has noteworthy understanding of other characters, but instead he uses thi s knowledge as a manipulation tool for his advantage (Card 50). Peter’s ruthlessness and aggressiveness benefits him in that he is able to regain the control of the whole world so that he becomes the Hegemon (leader of the world). Even though he acquires the power in a peaceful manner, Peter did not have to do this since he just sought this alternative so that he would appear a good leader in the face of his future subjects. Even though Peter uses his ruthlessness and aggressiveness to become the leader of all humans on the earth, his attributes alienate him from the rest of humans. Ender has taken the attributes of his two siblings. Compassion, an attribute that is also in the character of his sister, is his greatest trait which has ensured that he is an able commander. Compassion runs throughout his whole life. Compassion saves Peter a number of times and it is the factor that has ensured that he has a different life. Without

Timberland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Timberland - Essay Example It is famous for its increased development from being a Boot maker to a larger Earth keeper. Timberland has CEOS who have desirable traits; they have negotiation skills and humility. These are the success factors of timberland that made it appear on top of other companies. Timberland stakeholders are futuristic about the company’s development. It does not concentrate only on its success but also what benefits it can bring to the earth. The stakeholders of Timberland Company work to the success of the company. They do not put in their self –dealings. Timberland Company progressed well due to the presence of devoted stakeholders who generate new ideas of improving the company. This company extended its service to other companies making it unique. It goes into partnership with other company stakeholders, which will provide support to its developing issues. Example of such stakeholders includes its partnership with Boston’s City year. Timberland in partnership with this company promotes community service. Timberland ensures that whatever chosen goal in place relates to social responsibility and sensitivity to the environment. Timberland focus on Earth keeping it profitable to the company. All the processes at timberland involve the sensitivity to the environmental conservation. Unlike other companies, Timberland Company is concerned about the keeping of the environment whenever it undertakes any activity within the company. It works on the principle that one can run a profitable business and be considerate to basic human rights. During the production process, Timberland uses the recycled materials that are cost effective as compared to using new ones. It produces boots that have green soles, which are from recycled materials. By using materials, which are possible to recycle and are harmful to the environment, it promotes environment

The U.P. Jammers’ Club after Pound for Pound 2010 Essay Example for Free

The U.P. Jammers’ Club after Pound for Pound 2010 Essay U. P Jammers’ Club is an established socio-cultural organization of a well-known university. It was founded on October 8, 1991 and since then, it has brought several musical icons in the music scene. The organization aims to enhance the capabilities and skills of aspiring young musicians and form camaraderie within the group. The organization showcases annual events such as a â€Å"Freshmeat† and Pound for Pound†. The basis of this proposal report is the organization’s event which is entitled â€Å"Pound for Pound†. This activity showcases all the performing bands of the organization and also serves as a yearly evaluation for all of the members of the said group. The performances offer different musicians playing different kinds of genre. The songs are compositions of the bands included in the organization. Although the name of the said organization earned praises and recognition for the past years, the over-all performances of the members and the organization are gradually deteriorating compared to their early glorious days. Its financial status is not stable, few of the members are the only ones who are working for the development of the group, the responsibilities are not well disseminated, and many more. Regarding these problematic details, the purpose of this report is to find out why such things are occurring in the events of the organization. Focusing on a specific event such as the Pound for Pound, this paper will be dealing on finding solutions to the increasing problems of the organization. Beginning from the preparation to the assessment of the event, this will tackle all the necessary information needed for the study. Pound for Pound is an annual event of the U. P Jammers’ Club which is held every late January or early February. After the Freshmeat, which is usually held during the months of July or August, the organization should prepare for the upcoming Pound for Pound for this is considered as their major activity. As early as September, the members are expected to search for sponsors or alliances to help in financing the event. There should be a calendar of activities for members to know when to start working and when to report for the deadlines. Members should already be informed regarding their responsibilities for the event. These are few of the actions done in the past years for Pound for Pound. Unfortunately, the former batch of residences was not able to perform such tasks effectively. What seems to be the problem? The organization has a set of executive committee who is in charge of the planning and decisions. They are the ones who are assigned to designate responsibilities to their own members. If the executive committee is not intact, then all members will not participate well. At that time, there were 30 members in the organization, but seven of them, including the president are dismissed from school because of academic failure and four members filed for inactivity because of financial instability. As a result, only 19 members could work for the organization. Few only have the drive to help the organization. The dilemma seemed to root to the members. This is one of the problems of the organization. There is less manpower and motivation to work as a group. The organization, all-in-all does not have one specific goal. Most of the time, disagreements seem to develop into a more chaotic situation. There are several controversial issues within the group. The organization needs to build a team. Another problem was the delays of every task. Even though there was a prepared plan of activities, most of the time, members tend to delay deadlines because of unfinished tasks. The members adjust time instead of them adjusting with time. The tendency of the delays is to also setback all plans. The postponement of deadlines affected how members work for the organization. Members should realize the importance of professionalism while working. Third problem involves finances and expenses of the said event. The members failed to find sponsors for Pound for Pound. The organization decided to get the event’s budget in the funds of the organization. Wanting to make a good impression, the members decided to get a more expensive sound system for the event. Almost all of the funds went there. The plans of selling merchandised t-shirts, producing publicity materials and earning money were not met because there was inaccuracy in the financial plans. There was only one single plan for the event. Fourth problem involves publicity. This is one of the important parts in conducting event made for the public. Pound for Pound lacked publicity in this year. Few teasers were produced, there were no tarpaulins and the tickets were distributed late. Speaking of tickets, the tickets were more expensive compared to other Pound for Pound events. The public did not want to spend so much making it difficult to sell them. Based upon this situation, Pound for Pound had only few audiences compared to other events done by them. There was discrepancy with the financial records afterwards making it harder to deal with problems regarding finances. Although Pound for Pound made it until the end, it was not very satisfactory. Methodology (Discussions) There are several solutions to this dilemma. First, the organization should work on the internal issues. This is the most important, but most difficult matter to resolve. The U. P Jammers’ Club is considered as a group of individuals. In order to develop a group, one has to understand how a group works. Bruce Tuckman’s four stages of Group Development could help in studying and understanding the group. Tuckman formulated four stages on how to successfully manage a group. The first stage called â€Å"Forming† states the ability of individuals to work with others but avoid such conflicts in a group. People have the desire to be accepted by others so they tend to avoid controversies. Second stage involves â€Å"Storming† wherein more conflicts will arise and individuals will begin to feel their differences and preferences. The third stage â€Å"Norming† is a stage wherein the members of the group are learning to accept each other’s dissimilarities. They begin to become a more cohesive and effective group. â€Å"Performing† is the final stage of Tuckman’s Group Development. Not all groups could arrive to this stage. This is a state where everyone knows each other. Flexibility and Interdependence is developed. Work with team buildings, gatherings and the like to keep the bonding within the members. Know the differences of each other and adjust with them. If there is harmony within the members, working will be easier. Organize. Plan. Act. Organize the members. Know their roles and responsibilities. Be strict with deadlines. Create a plan of activities for the said event and monitor it regularly. Disseminate all the tasks orderly. Let the members know what they have to do and monitor them too. Giving reminders and updates could help in motivating them to work. Think of the possible things that could happen and plan ahead. List all of the possible sponsors and work with it. An event would not be possible if there is not enough budget allotted for it. Use the organization’s resources to help in canvassing equipments needed. Act upon the planned tasks. Encourage members to participate. Give them a little pressure so they could feel responsible for the given tasks. Learn how to prioritize. Most members were said to be inactive because of the failure to meet their academic requirement. Another matter to change is this one. During the past years, good standing is encouraged for members. In this present time, the organization should also monitor this matter. Set limitations. Qualifications The PuRep Agency, a public relations firm, once conducted an event which was similar to Pound for Pound, except, it was better. They were composed of only 5 active members who wanted to create an entertainment for the public. They got bands from the U. P Jammers’ Club and prepared all the necessary operations in less than a month. The agency worked with this event which they called â€Å"Tune up†. They made most of the methods included in this report. This just proves that the proposed methods are effective and possible. Before they even started working, they prepared 3 sets of plans in case problems occur. The agency worked with double effort in looking for sponsors. This means that the organization could look for more major sponsors if they would work on it immediately. All went well and smoothly. Costs (Projected Expenses for the next Pound for Pound) Expenses Amount Team Building 500. 00 Sound System 6000. 00 Venue 3000. 00 Publicity (tarpaulins, t-shirts, teasers, leaflets) 2000. 00 Miscellaneous (transportation, letters, others) 1000. 00 - TOTAL 12500. 00 Schedule Section Month Activity Time August Team Building 1hr activity per week (any convenient day) September Planning 1hr of meeting per week (assigned day) October Release of Sponsorship letter 1 meeting November Look for Sound System and Venue 1st week (canvassing) December Updates 2nd week (2 hrs) Report organizational status Sponsors, Sound System, Venue January Event 4th week (5 hrs) Conclusion This report therefore concludes the solution to U. P Jammers’ Club’s Pound for Pound internal and external dilemma. Group Development is needed to strengthen the credibility of the organization. Plan ahead and act as professional as possible. This proposal would change the way the organization works as a group. Like the PuRep Agency, anything is impossible as long as the group has a single goal. Any organization can succeed as long as they’re united.

Dying To Be Beautiful :: essays research papers

â€Å"Dying† to be Beautiful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beautiful or else --a message often presented in society, is often detrimental to the American public. The desire to be beautiful has received more attention by blinding the public with images of the â€Å"beautiful people.† The extent of the message the media portrays to our society is more harmful than beneficial to the average person. The images depict the common person as unattractive which causes many to alter their figure to attain the media’s vision of beauty. Unfortunately, these unrealistic pictures mostly affect self-conscious adolescents who are surrounded by images of what the media considers beautiful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each day, adolescents are exposed to magazines with models who appear extremely emaciated along with men and women who have a perfect, muscular physique. These Calista Flockhart- and Arnold Schwarzenegger-like clones are not representatives of normal, everyday people, so they should not be considered images of beauty. However, many young adults look up to these fake role models and imitate their appearance. Due to the impact that celebrities have on individuals from the younger generations, people now find themselves bombarded by young Brittany Spears â€Å"wannabes† wearing tiny mini skirts and naval-bearing shirts. Seventeen magazine even has a ludicrous section on how to look like a favorite celebrity; it includes ideas as to what clothes to wear and what kind of makeup should be used. The media’s influence is driven by the spending power of the younger generation and has purposefully created a superficial generation. Many teenagers and adults have gone to extremes to attain the best, often deadly, appearance possible. Millions of misguided people, including celebrities, have died due to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; they are willing to risk their job, or their life to attain the image the media expects. In 1983, Karen Carpenter, the promising lead singer of The Carpenters, died of heart failure due to anorexia nervosa, which can be attributed to the pressure she received from the media. Unfortunately, Karen Carpenter’s story is not uncommon; many teenagers starve themselves due to self-image problems brought on by the media. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are just two reasons why the images the media portrays is disastrous to the American public. Likewise, to gain the Arnold Schwarzenegger image, the use of steroids has also increased among young adults resulting in health problems. Using steroids is a deadly risk since it can cause serious nerve and hormonal damage and affects the user’s ability to control his temper. Dying To Be Beautiful :: essays research papers â€Å"Dying† to be Beautiful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beautiful or else --a message often presented in society, is often detrimental to the American public. The desire to be beautiful has received more attention by blinding the public with images of the â€Å"beautiful people.† The extent of the message the media portrays to our society is more harmful than beneficial to the average person. The images depict the common person as unattractive which causes many to alter their figure to attain the media’s vision of beauty. Unfortunately, these unrealistic pictures mostly affect self-conscious adolescents who are surrounded by images of what the media considers beautiful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each day, adolescents are exposed to magazines with models who appear extremely emaciated along with men and women who have a perfect, muscular physique. These Calista Flockhart- and Arnold Schwarzenegger-like clones are not representatives of normal, everyday people, so they should not be considered images of beauty. However, many young adults look up to these fake role models and imitate their appearance. Due to the impact that celebrities have on individuals from the younger generations, people now find themselves bombarded by young Brittany Spears â€Å"wannabes† wearing tiny mini skirts and naval-bearing shirts. Seventeen magazine even has a ludicrous section on how to look like a favorite celebrity; it includes ideas as to what clothes to wear and what kind of makeup should be used. The media’s influence is driven by the spending power of the younger generation and has purposefully created a superficial generation. Many teenagers and adults have gone to extremes to attain the best, often deadly, appearance possible. Millions of misguided people, including celebrities, have died due to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; they are willing to risk their job, or their life to attain the image the media expects. In 1983, Karen Carpenter, the promising lead singer of The Carpenters, died of heart failure due to anorexia nervosa, which can be attributed to the pressure she received from the media. Unfortunately, Karen Carpenter’s story is not uncommon; many teenagers starve themselves due to self-image problems brought on by the media. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are just two reasons why the images the media portrays is disastrous to the American public. Likewise, to gain the Arnold Schwarzenegger image, the use of steroids has also increased among young adults resulting in health problems. Using steroids is a deadly risk since it can cause serious nerve and hormonal damage and affects the user’s ability to control his temper.

Dr. Pepper

Dr. Pepper is a soft drink marketed as having a unique flavor. The drink was created in the 1880s by Charles Alderton of Waco, Texas and first served around 1885. Dr Pepper was first nationally marketed in the United States in 1904, and is now also sold in Europe, Asia, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand (as an imported drink).Described the taste of Dr Pepper as one-of-a-kind, saying, â€Å"I've always maintained you cannot tell anyone what Dr Pepper tastes like because it's so different. It's not an apple, it's not an orange, it's not a strawberry, it's not a root beer, it's not even a cola. It's a different kind of drink with a unique taste all its own.†Target MarketHis section describes the customers you are targeting. It defines their demographic profile (e.g., age, gender), psychographic profile (e.g., their interests) and their precise wants and needs as they relate to the products and/or services you offer.Unique Selling Proposition (USP)Having a strong unique selli ng proposition (USP) is of critical importance as it distinguishes your company from competitors. The hallmark of several great companies is their USP. For example, FedEx’s USP of â€Å"When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight† is well-known and resonates strongly with customers who desire reliability and quick delivery.Pricing & Positioning StrategyYour pricing and positioning strategy must be aligned. For example, if you want your company to be known as the premier brand in your industry, having too low a price might dissuade customers from purchasing. In this section of your marketing plan, detail the positioning you desire and how your pricing will support it.Promotions StrategyThe promotions section is one of the most important sections of your  marketing plan and details how you will reach new customers. There are numerous promotional tactics, such as television ads, trade show marketing, press releases, online advertising, and event marketing. In this section of your marketing plan, consider each of these alternatives and decide which ones will most effectively allow you to reach your target customers.Online Marketing StrategyLike it or not, most customers go online these days to find and/or review new products and/or services to purchase. As such, having the right online marketing strategy can help you secure new customers and gain competitive advantage.SLIDE Pepper DietDr. Pepper's latest product is an â€Å"it's not for women† soda called Dr Pepper Ten. The product, unlike zero-calorie diet sodas, has 10 â€Å"manly† calories, as shown in its ads featuring a metallic gray can. Its target audience is younger males whom the makers of Dr Pepper believe are turned off by zero-calorie diet sodas but are still concerned about caloric intake.

What Social Factors Affect Students’ Use of Online Registration: An Exploratory Study

What Social Factors Affect Students' Use of Online Registration: An Exploratory StudyXiaobing Cao, Ph.D., Institutional Researcher Robert Brodnick, Ph.D., Director and Assistant Professor Planning and Research University of the Pacific Association for Institutional Research 42nd Annual Forum June, 2002 (Toronto, Canada)Track 3: Institutional Management and PlanningAbstractWhat Social Factors Affect Students' Use of Online Registration: An Exploratory StudyThis study investigated how social factors affect college students' use of the online registration service that was recently offered in a private university in Northern California. During the first year, about 31% of the students who pre-registered their courses used the service. The results indicated that academic and demographic factors affected students' use of the online service. For example, students from certain disciplines (e.g. Pharmacy and International Studies) and high income families were more likely to use the online se rvice. It is interesting to notice that the results did not show a significant impact of gender on the use of online registration. Implications are presented for institutions considering alternative registration methods or the implementation of technological solutions to administrative processes.What Social Factors Affect Students' Use of Online Registration: An Exploratory StudyThe current study focuses on how social factors affect students' use of online registration. The online service was first offered at the university in spring 2001. Using online registration can be viewed as new technology adaptation. However, updated literature in students' new technology adoption is rare. It is worthwhile to investigate how social factors affect college students in adapting the new technology. There are two objectives for this study: reviewing relevant literature of the online registration and examining the impacts of social factors on use of the online service. Review of LiteratureAccordin g to the literature, online registration1 can be divided into three stages of development. The first stage is the 1970s. This is a â€Å"developing stage† in which some universities led higher education institutions to experience initial new technology application in administration (Michael, 1976; Chapman & Gambrell, 1976; Brown, 1979; Hengehold & Keim, 1975; Adams, 1974). During this stage, online registration underwent a period of experiments and testing. Online registration was beginning to be recognized for its operation in assisting university administration.The second stage refers to the decade of the 1980s. During these years, online registration was widely used by universities across the country. New features in the registration process were added and more experience was summarized (Heard, 1987; Cook & Parker, 1983; Arnett & Posey, 1986; Lonabocker & Long, 1983; Lisker, 1987). This period can be viewed as the â€Å"stabilized stage.† Cook & Parker (1983) conduc ted a survey of online registration practices among 66 colleges and universities. They found that online registration had improved academic advising.Online registration in the literature review refers to various methods through which a registration can be completed, such as, mainframe computer,  telephone, and web.New technology application had saved time for students, faculty and staff members (1987). Online registration has been clearly confirmed as â€Å"a successful approach† (Lonabocker & Long, 1983; Arnett & Posey, 1986).The third stage includes the 1990s and beyond. This period can be viewed as the â€Å"enhancement stage.† There have been new ways of exploring online registration such as using web service (Swein, 1997), integration of internet technology into all phases of the education process (Thomas, Carswell & Price, 1998), and getting specific groups of students involved in online registration (Kelly, 1998). Thomas et al. pointed out that the integrative approach has been effective in university administration. The third stage indicates that online registration has been well developed, looking for new ways to enhance the new technology environment through new technology convergence.Theoretical Framework & Research QuestionsSocial cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) helps explain how human behaviors are affected by both social factors (e.g. family income) and personal factors (e.g. selfconcepts). The theory suggests that different social characteristics of students affect how they adapt themselves into the new technology environment. Based on social cognitive theory, the current study is investigating how social variables affect students' use of online registration. The following are the research questions. 1. To what extent do student academic variables impact the use of online registration? 2. To what extent do student demographic variables impact the use of online registration?  3. What are the effects of the academic and demograp hic variables on the use of online registration? MethodologyThe data were extracted from the university student information system. The  dependent variable was the registration method (online vs. walk-in). The independent variables were in two parts: academic variables and demographic variables. TheSocial Factors and Online Registration 5 University of the Pacificacademic variables included Major, Class, Grade, and Degree Level. The â€Å"major† was measured by the college or school a student majored in. The â€Å"class† described the students' class level including freshmen, sophomore, junior, senior, and graduate. The â€Å"degree level† was measured by two categories: graduate level and undergraduate level. The â€Å"grade† was measured by the students’ cumulative GPA. The demographic variables included Gender, Age, Ethnicity, and Family Income. The â€Å"family income† was a two-category variable including families with income =$90,000 . The data source was the adjusted gross income reported from FAFSA.ResultsTo answer research question one, â€Å"To what extent do student academic variables impact the use of online registration?†, a descriptive analysis was conducted. The results showed that the students who used the online registration were more likely those who majored in pharmacy (39%) and international studies (37%). The students who did not use the online registration were more likely those who majored in music (13%). The Chi-square test shows that the relationship between the registration method and major was significant, χ2 (6, n=3024)= 43.8, p

The Young GoodMan Brown What happened to all my paragraphs essays

The Young GoodMan Brown What happened to all my paragraphs essays "Young Goodman Brown", by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story that is rich in metaphors which ultimately question the very morals and ethics of his religious society. In "Young Goodman Brown," Goodman Brown is a proud Puritan who meets with the devil that causes him to become aware of the society he lives in. The story about Goodman Brown centers on a proud man who thinks that a meeting with the Devil cant alter his faith in religion. He also desires to find more about his inner domains, but eventually finds out how hypocritical his community is. The storys crux is based upon religious metaphors of Hawthorne's town of Salem during their religious conflict. The beginning of the story mentions the Goodman's wife, Faith who has a double meaning to her name. Goodmans name also should not be overlooked because it is a double-edged sword as well. Hawthorne plays with Faiths name in that it symbolizes religious faith. Faith- Goodmans wife- is seen as a pious woman who like Goodman, is deep into her religious beliefs. She is innocent like her religion. To indicate Faiths innocence, Hawthorne gave her pink ribbons to wear. These ribbons are important, because they expose Faiths character. Pink is seen as a pleasant color that promotes no tension. Pink is not as violent as red, or gloomy as black. In addition, there is "Goodman. His name represents what his society thought of him. He was a religious good person, who came from a long linage of prominent Puritans. "Young Goodman Brown" begins when Faith, Brown's wife, pleads with him not to go on his "errand. Goodman Brown says to his "love and my Faith" (passage 5) that "this one night I must tarry away from thee" (passage 5). When he says his "love" and his "Faith, he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his "faith" in God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so; he leaves...

Global Warming and Its Effect on Marine Populations

Global Warming and Its Effect on Marine Populations Global warming, an increase in the Earths average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate, is a growing environmental concern caused by industry and agriculture in the mid-20th century to the present. As greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane are released into the atmosphere, a shield forms around the Earth, trapping heat  and, therefore, creating a general warming effect. Oceans are one of the areas most affected by this warming. Rising air temperatures affect the physical nature of the oceans. As air temperatures rise, water becomes less dense and separates from a nutrient-filled cold layer below. This is the basis for a chain effect that impacts all marine life that counts on these nutrients for survival. There are two general physical effects of ocean warming on marine populations that are crucial to consider: Changes in natural habitats and food supplyChanging ocean chemistry/acidification Changes in Natural Habitats and Food Supply Phytoplankton, one-celled plants that live at the oceans surface and algae use photosynthesis for nutrients. Photosynthesis is a process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converts it into organic carbon and oxygen, which feed  almost every ecosystem.   According to a NASA study, phytoplankton is more likely to thrive in cooler oceans. Similarly, algae, a plant that produces food for other marine life through photosynthesis, is vanishing due to ocean warming. Since oceans are warmer, nutrients cant travel upward to these suppliers, which survive only in oceans small surface layer. Without those nutrients, phytoplankton and algae cannot supplement marine life with necessary organic carbon and oxygen. Yearly Growth Cycles Various plants and animals in the oceans need both a temperature and light balance in order to thrive. Temperature-driven creatures, such as phytoplankton, have started their yearly growth cycle earlier in the season due to warming oceans. Light-driven creatures start their yearly growth cycle around the same time. Since phytoplankton thrive in earlier seasons, the entire food chain is affected. Animals that once traveled to the surface for food are now finding an area void of nutrients, and light-driven creatures are starting their growth cycles at different times. This creates a non-synchronous natural environment. Migration The warming of oceans may also lead to migration of organisms along the coasts. Heat-tolerant species, such as shrimp, expand northward, while heat-intolerant species, such as clams and flounder, retreat northward. This migration leads to a new mix of organisms in an entirely new environment, ultimately causing changes in predatory habits. If some organisms cannot adapt to their new marine environment, they will not flourish and will die off. Changing Ocean Chemistry/Acidification As carbon dioxide is released into the oceans, the ocean chemistry drastically changes. Greater carbon dioxide concentrations released into the oceans create increased ocean acidity. As ocean acidity increases, phytoplankton is  reduced. This results in fewer ocean plants able to convert greenhouse gasses. Increased ocean acidity also threatens marine life, such as corals and shellfish, which may become extinct later this century from the chemical effects of carbon dioxide. Acidifications Effect on Coral Reefs Coral, one of the leading sources for the oceans food and livelihood, is also changing with global warming. Naturally, coral secretes tiny shells of calcium carbonate in order to form its skeleton. Yet, as carbon dioxide from global warming is released into the atmosphere, acidification increases and the carbonate ions vanish. This results in lower extension rates or weaker skeletons in most corals. Coral Bleaching Coral bleaching, the breakdown in the symbiotic relationship between coral and algae, is also occurring with warmer ocean temperatures. Since zooxanthellae, or algae, give coral its particular coloration, increased carbon dioxide in the planets oceans causes coral stress and a release of this algae. This leads to a lighter appearance. When this relationship that is so important for our ecosystem to survive vanishes, corals begin to weaken. Consequently, food and habitats for a great number of marine life are also destroyed. Holocene Climatic Optimum The  drastic climate change known as Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO) and its effect on surrounding wildlife is not new. The HCO, a general warming period displayed in fossil records from 9,000 to 5,000 BP, proves that climate change can directly impact natures inhabitants. In 10,500 BP, younger dryas, a plant that once spread throughout the world in various cold climates, became nearly extinct due to this warming period. Toward the end of the warming period, this plant that so much of nature had depended on was only found in the few areas that remained cold. Just as younger dryas became scarce in the past, phytoplankton, coral reefs, and the marine life that depend on them are becoming scarce today. Earths environment is continuing on a circular path that may soon lead to chaos within a once naturally balanced environment. Future Outlook and Human Effects The warming of the oceans and its effect on marine life has a direct impact on human life. As coral reefs die, the world loses an entire ecological habitat of fish. According to the World Wildlife Fund, a small increase of 2 degrees Celsius would destroy almost all existing coral reefs. Additionally, ocean circulation changes due to warming would have a disastrous effect on marine fisheries. This drastic outlook is often hard to imagine. It can only be related to a similar historical event. Fifty-five million years ago, ocean acidification led to a mass extinction of ocean creatures. According to fossil records, it took more than 100,000 years for the oceans to recover. Eliminating the use of greenhouse gasses and protecting the oceans can prevent this from occurring again.

Online consumer behaviors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Online consumer behaviors - Essay Example Addictive, compulsive, and impulsive buying are types of uncontrolled consumer behavior that have drew interest in actual shopping settings. Personally, uncontrolled buying can lead to serious life problems and consumer impoverishments. Generally, it could raise consumer prices and sustain the social problems of extreme poverty (LaRose & Eastin, 2002). Now that buying and selling have reached the Internet, has uncontrolled buying behavior become more intense?LaRose (2001) reported that major e-commerce sites possess attributes that could encourage uncontrolled buying behavior. Studies show that online buyers were more impulsive than traditional ones and that that impulsive consumers comprised a significant portion of the general population of e-commerce buyers. There was sketchy proof of addiction in statements of ‘eBay addicts’, a study on compulsive online buying (Chen, 2009). With vast numbers of online shoppers today, uncontrolled online buying emerges as a major con sumer problem. Examining Online Consumer Behaviors Teenagers and young adults are the target market of online shopping because they are the first online generation of buyers. This social group spends roughly 12 percent of their whole earnings online, and these purchases are mostly books, music, and clothes commonly linked to compulsive buying (LaRose & Eastin, 2002, 549). Young people are particularly predisposed to unreasonable buying habits because of their tendency toward ‘excessive’ online activities and uncontrolled traditional buying as well as easily accessible credit cards. According to Milne and colleagues (2009), research on compulsive buying shows that these tendencies are developed in late adolescence. According to developmental studies, Milne and colleagues (2009) added, depression negatively affects adolescents and young adults more often than other age groups, and depression has been discovered to significantly influence the emergence and growth of extrem e buying habits. Undoubtedly, the buying habits of people have changed. As stated in the 2010 report of Forrester Research, online revenues will be at $331 billion in the United States alone. The enlarging population of online buying households along with website upgrading and retailer improvements will push e-commerce to form 13 percent of overall retail earnings in 2010 (Chih-Chung & Chang, 2005, 41). Online revenues will increase at a 15 percent compound annual growth rate between 2004 and 2010. Therefore, as the Internet continuously becomes a widespread channel for consumer activities across the globe, it becomes ever more crucial to determine the aspects influencing consumer use of e-commerce. A number of studies examine the aspects influencing consumer online buying. However, Goldsmith (2010 as cited in Chih-Chung & Chang, 2005, 41) states that most studies on online buying habits is quite explanatory and not derived from consumer theory. Therefore, this paper uses the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura to examine online consumer behavior. According to Faber and O’Guinn (1992), media were given an insignificant role in uncontrolled buying behavior in the past: encouraging consumer impulses with marketing or advertising. With the intervention of the whole retail industry thru e-commerce, a more inclusive theoretical perspective is needed. LaRose (2001) consolidated addictive, compulsive, and impulsive buying within the paradigm of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, asserting that they created a range of behavior characterizing different levels of poor self-control. Nearly all consumers have a tendency to buy impulsively, which is to purchase rashly, irrationally, and spontaneously (LaRose & Eastin, 2002, 549). For several consumers, the yearning for particular products or services changes to a common yearning for compulsive buying, which is repeated, persistent buying that becomes a main reaction to

Is it Too Hard to Amend the Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is it Too Hard to Amend the Constitution - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the makers of the constitution have been said to have placed the bar extremely high for a likelihood of any type of regulation in the constitution. Black argues that the constitution gave the president the authority of being the commandant of the forces, but ordinarily, the president does very little in the event that decisions touching on warfare and peace are concerned (1). This means that the constitution has very little to recommend in regard to nuclear assails. In this case, the main challenge is that the framers of the initial constitution had very little information on the important issues in the country as well as the role of politics in shaping the structure of the constitution (Black 1). Unless this transforms, it might be too time-consuming to adjust the present constitution.  The Senate and the House are required to pass a majority of 2/3 votes if the constitution has to be amended (Black 1). This case has been alien to the country for the earlier periods. Article V of the constitution, as the author terms it, - an â€Å"iron cage†- has made it extremely tasking to amend the constitution (Black 1). The Anti-flag-burning amendment is a  good case in point that failed. The amendment only had 66 votes in favor, and 34 votes opposing the same (Martin 1). This means that the amendment failed to gather the necessary 2/3 votes that would have otherwise led to the Bush government leading the Congress towards holding the power of banning contravention of the treasured American flag.

Spaghetti Western and the role of music in the revival of the western Essay

Spaghetti Western and the role of music in the revival of the western genre - Essay Example During this time, there was a division with Western genres, specifically with many who were interested in the genre because it was a part of their roots and upbringing. Others didn’t like the music as a main part of listening because of the other available alternatives that were available. This caused the genre of Western music to become specialized and to create divisions within society, specifically based on identity and what was considered as acceptable for listening. The identity was then based on those who lived in urban areas, lived with specific ideologies and which connected to different trends. This marginalization led to the country music filtering only to those who were interested in the lifestyle and which were interested in concepts such as the barn dance and country living (Tichi 1994: p. 9). The concept of country music is one which is reflective of the overall ideology of the Western genre and what it stood for before the Spaghetti Westerns. The identity which was used with the music as well as the understanding of what it meant to be a part of the Wild West and the western culture were all depictive of those living in the wild or on farms and working through the difficulties that were a part of this. It was from these characteristics that the Spaghetti Western began to gain its values and to understand the overall culture which became the Western genre used both in movies and in other forms of expression in the mainstream culture. History of Spaghetti Westerns The concept of country Western music didn’t move into a popular genre until there was revitalization in the late 1960s and 1970s. This was based on other aspects of the genre, specifically which were... This "Spaghetti Western and the role of music in the revival of the western genre" outlines the historical aspects of western music and the concept of the Spaghetti Western. The concept of country Western music didn’t move into a popular genre until there was revitalization in the late 1960s and 1970s. This was based on other aspects of the genre. The 1960s and 1970s flourished with this concept specifically with the genre of westerns in film and the use of different ideologies which were based on the Western. The context which was used included those who had built American history, settled the West and which continued to live in difficulty to make history and to create a future for those interested in the culture. The idolization of the West not only led into a reminiscence of history but also was based on other cultures looking at the Western to show the attitudes and myths that were a part of settling the West. The European reflection of this was seen in the Spaghetti Weste rn, named after the Italian directors that were interested in creating the genre of film (Frayling: 2006: p. 13). The main ideology that was created with the Spaghetti Western was to understand and explore the culture which had framed America and which continued to shape the identities of the Americans. Synchronization and dubbing for country – specific concepts were used in this. The synchronization was inclusive of changing the setting to a Western region, including the identity of cowboys and changing the voices to the Western style of speaking.

Preparedness Of Governments In Natural Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

Preparedness Of Governments In Natural Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay Normal adjustments of the earth is hazardous to human. Internal and external process of the earth causes natural hazard that destroy human life and property. Natural hazards includes earthquakes, volcanoes, flood, drought, solar flare and asteroids impacts. Manmade emergenciess are caused due to human malpractices like bomb blasts, but the victims are always innocent people. The purpose of conducting the study is to analyses the nature of emergenciess happened in every now or then across the globe. The research objectives are documenting the effects of natural and human induced emergenciess in developed and developing countries and the preparedness by government of such countries. A methodology to produce forecasts of possible loss (of human life and property) caused by different emergenciess, in order to establish the cost-benefit of alternatives and ensure successful emergency preparedness policies and adequate economic resource allocation. McEntire et al.(2003a) had given several interrelated concern in theoretical developments in the field of emergency preparedness like definition of emergency , emergency management ,the variables that should be studied in acedemic research and the actors that should be employed in such studies along with the phases that require priority . so the theoritical aspects must retain: The findings from prior research in this field , continue to search for a acceptd definition of emergency. Seek an alternative name for the field of emergency management(like emergencies management, risk management , sustainable hazard management or emergenciesvulnerable management). Emergency management must also acknowledge all types of hazardsLike natural, technological or civil Establish a multi casual view about emergencies and complexity associated with it so that large number of variables can be studied Involvement of each and every factor associated with emergency wheather it is public, private or non profit sector Maintaining a reliance on the phase of emergencies i.e mitigation, preparedness, response or recovery Integrate research from each of the contributing discipline like haard and vulnerability analysis, land use planning, planning, training, exercising, community education, grant acquisition, budgeting and sheltering To reduce the effects of emergenciess, governments of every country incorporating various technologies that has developed now days.These technologies helps in finding places where emergencies can take place and with proper management and planning efforts are made to stop that emergencies before it happen or to reduce the vulnerability of such emergenciess.As this aspect is very closely related to people it require proper planning and effectiveness of government. For achieving the goal of making country emergencies free ;emergencies management has come in the scene. Planning for emergencies provides a mechanism for the functioning of various agencies for the management of natural and technological emergencies (Moin 2007). It provides a policy framework and outline for the action according to the type , nature and complexity of emergency . It develop a mechanism for determining roles and responsibilities of agencies at every level whether it is national, state or local(Moin 2007b). A s tandard operational procedure (SOP) is stated for all departments involves in emergency preparedness. Emergencies: Meaning, Nature and Scope Emergenciess and vulnerabilities includes various types so it is a vast topic of study .not only the whole world but also the universe is the span of area in which any type of emergencies can occur. Researchers and scientist of different fields are focusing on their particular area of study. They spread their knowledge and finding with others time to time to reduce these emergencies to happen. Their study and researches helps would-be victims on time through political and social groups. About emergenciess researchers with their own knowledge, past facts, figures, findings, experiments, surveys, discoveries create a new fact and findings and inform to different parts of world. A necessary knowledge of all emergenciess that happened in the past and their probable causes is essential to develop a theoretical framework of study and finding solutions of the problem under research. Emergencies is the group of two words dis means Bad and aster means Star. The word has roots from astrology which means that when the stars are in a bad position a bad event will happen. According to Encyclopedia Britannica emergencies means a natural and manmade hazard that negatively affects society or environment. According to IFRCRCS on an average every years the world is facing 220 calamities among which 70 are technological emergencies, and in a general survey we see each day 2 or 3 emergencies in emergency phase, 15-20 in their recovery phase almost dozen in progress. Emergencies are now very common feature of human life extreme events can happen any time. (Jeffery 1981) The definition given by Quarantille in his book (what is emergencies by Quarantille 1984) is varied and detailed and can be inferred as emergencies are social in character. Another researcher Gilbert defines it as a state of uncertainty. Fritz(1961)interpreted it as a state in which social life get disturbed become dysfunctional to a greater extent . Here the discussion on the topic arises that whether emergencies studies are art or science as sociologist define emergencies in social, economic, cultural aspects where geophysical scientist engineers give different perspectives of emergencies Classification of emergencies: 1) Potential: Emergencies which are Armed, it is a situation where the hazard is in the position to affect persons, property or environment. This type of hazard requires risk assessment at proper time. Active: hazard is certain to cause harm, as no intervention is possible before the incident occurs. 3) Mitigated: potential hazard that has been identified, but actions have been taken in order to ensure it does not become an incident. This may not be an absolute guarantee of no risk. Emergencies on land surface Earthquake: Sudden disturbances in the plates of earth surfaces is called earthquake. Lahar: It is a natural emergencies in which volcanic eruption releases vast amount of mud, rock and ash at a rapid pace that destroy entire towns in seconds. Landslide and mudflows Landslides caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions when heavy rainfalls causes loose soil or steep terrain to collapse and slide downwards called mudslides. It is mostly found in California. Sinkholes:A localized depression in the surface topography, usually caused by the collapse of a subterranean structure, such as cave. Large sinkholes that develop suddenly in populated areas can lead to the collapse of buildings and other structures. Hydrological Flood: Water bodies overflow due Prolonged rainfall ,rapid melting of snow that causes heavy damage to nearby areas , destructing manmade dams . 2. Liminic eruptions: It is a rare type of natural emergencies in which CO2 suddenly erupts from deep lake water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans. 3. Seiche: It is a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water like lakes, reservoirs, bays and seas causes heavy destruction. 4. Tsunami: A tsunami is a wave of water caused by the displacement of a body of water. The word comes from Japanese word meaning harbor and wave. Tsunami can be caused by undersea earthquakes as in the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, or by landslides such as the one which occurred at Lituya Bay, Alaska. Metrotsunami are caused by Climatic 1. Blizzard: A severe winter storm condition characterized by low temperature, strong winds, and heavy blowing snow. 2. Drought: An abnormally dry period when there is not enough water to support agricultural, urban or environmentalwater needs. 3. Hailstorm: A hailstorm is a natural emergencies where a thunderstorm produces numerous hailstorms which damage the location in which they fall.hailstorm is devastating to farm fields , ruining crops and damaging equipmaents. 4. Heat wave: A heat wave is a emergencies characterized by heat which is considered extreme and unusual in the area in which it occurs. Heat waves are rare and require specific combinations of weather events to take place, and may include temperature, katabatic winds, or other phenomena. The worst heat wave in recent history was the European heat wave of 2003. There is also the potential for longer term events causing global warming, considered as the opposite to glacial ice age events, or through human induced climatic warming. 5. Hurricanes, Typhoons and tropical cyclones: A cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. it is caused evaporated water that comes off of the ocean and becomes a storm. The Coriolis Effect causes the storms to spin, and a hurricane is declared when this spinning mass of storms attains a wind speed of 100km/hr. 6. Ice Age: An ice age is a geologic period, but could also be viewed in the light of catastrophic natural emergencies, since in an ice age, the climate all over the world would change and places which were once considered habitable would then be too cold to permanently inhabit. A side effect of an ice age could possibly be a famine caused by world wide drought. 7. Tornado: A tornado are violent, rotating columns of air which can blow at speeds between 50 and 300 mph, and possibly higher. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large tornado outbreak in other large areas of thunderstorm development. Waterspouts are tornadoes occurring over tropical watersin light rain condition. Fire 1. Wildfire: An uncontrollable fire burning in wild land areas. Common causes include lightening and drought but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or arson. They can be a threat to those in rural areas and also wildlife. Health and diseases 1. Epidemic: An outbreak of contractible disease that spreads at a rapid rate through a human population. A pandemic is an epidemic whose spread is global. There have been many epidemics throughout history like swine flu. 2. Famine: A social and economic crisis causes widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic disease and increased mortality. Although some famines occur aggravated by natural factors, it can and often is a result of economic or military policy that deprives people of the food that they require to survive. Space 1. Impact event: An impact event is a natural emergencies in which an extraterrestrial piece of rock or other material collides with the Earth. The exact consequences of a direct Earth impact would vary greatly with size of the colliding object, although in cases of medium to large. 2. Solar flare: A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal. It is theorized that these releases of radiation could cause a widespread failure of communications technology across the globe. The exact implications of such a failure are unknown. Other type of emergencies is unintended unplanned because of failure to recognize the emergencies on time plan to rescue. Research in the field of emergency preparedness is process rather than a outcome (Wisner et al. 2002). Dynes et al.(1978) describe it as a social pathology. The dynamics of research related to emergency preparedness exposes the reality of rehabilitation activities that started after any emergency. The concept of emergency preparedness emphasizes on creating places which are less vulnerable to natural and technological hazards and that are resilient to any risk (Mileti et al.1990). Sustainable hazards mitigation consists of 5 elements: environmental quality, quality of life , emergency resilience economic vitality and inter and intra -generational equity(Ronan et al.2006:91). For sustainable development of country; the public risk management schemes should work with communities . Risk reduction and mitigation are the core elements of emergency preparedness by governments . Emergency preparedness is a process of preparation before the occurrence of any emergency (e.g emergency evacuation, quarantine or mass removal of contaminants )(Quarantilli,1980). Emergency preparedness is aiming to develop preventive methods , management platforms and collision reduction in policies and practices . it can be separated in 4 groups namely Preparedness(prevention and recovery planning) Response(action before and during the emergency) Recovery(action taken after the hazard takes place) Mitigation(continuous action)(Godschalk,1991:142) Authorities elected for accomplishing the above task are best positioned to execute the planning process ;activities at individual, group or community level affects each others level but the one sided or the government response in emergency preparedness should be very effective as the matter is closely related to the security measures which is the prime responsibility of government. An efficient emergency preparedness relies on officials integrity that include honesty, sincerity, punctuality, justice, fairness, truthfulness along with their expertise, systematic knowledge and self control . Problem statement Preparedness for emergencies can be tested only in realistic environment where the integration, stamina and restorative powers of large scale system can be checked. The research will tackle two very important problems hampering the reduction of emergencies losses in developing countries: The lack of economically and rapidly produced inputs for risk (damage) assessment, preventing the cost-benefit implications of emergencies mitigation and prevention measures to be assessed. The lack of clarity related to the integration of risk assessments into the planning and management process. This research indirectly explores theme issues in emergency preparedness such as cultural attitude of people about constructions and development, political willingness to conduct project for peoples welfare, dangerous locations of constructions (Quarantelli et al. 1977); as it is Govt responsibility to systematically analyse risk related to the type of hazard, possible time, and a its planning to rescue people from potential emergency. Physical and social scientist have different answers of these questions sociologist find answers in the form , functions and mutation of social system ;where engineers have a rough , intuitive idea of physical forces like earthquakes ,explosions, crashes that require to cause heavy disruptions in social system. Their advice is often emphasizing on policy formulations whereas social scientist predict the consequences on human being. Although their methodologies are different to work on emergencies they work with common objectives and try to find solution to the problem and well being of people.Emergencies management like all other sociological and humanities subjects deals with people, their well being, growth. It focuses on making civil lives secure and safe. Emergency preparedness is a subject of arts as well as science: So far emergencies is defined mostly by sociologist economist. Emergencies phenomenon is multi aspect and the social economical conditions of world are changing continuously so parameters of defining emergencies are also changing. As the time changing it is now including other streams also like geophysical engineering, geography, anthropology, sociology, developmental studies, health science, social psychology. Emergency preparedness and role of governments National government is expected to take prior action for every possible emergency. There are several reasons to focus on government reactions on emergency preparedness: Government is responsible for implementing government policies (perry et al.1984) Government is most trusted body elected by people (Herman 1982) Transition of power from federal to local government (May , 1985) The comprehensive plans of emergency preparedness make it easy for all parties to co-operate with the federal , state and local governments.(Cigler , 1987) Governments has close involvement with hazards , as they control many effective tools to reduce vulnerability to hazards such as land use regulations and building codes enforcement(Prater,2000). Local government has more involvement along with armed forces on the social responsibility of state government. The governments willingness and capacity to meet new expectation is often lacking. Intergovernmental problems causes failure in implementation of plans (Cigler, 1987). Lack of investment in preparedness and response capabilities become quickly obvious at the time of an emergency (Davis, 2007). The dilemma of credibility and government commitment in deciding the best model to reconstruct infrastructure is one of the most challenging. (Davis 2007).Local government usually pays less attention to issues based on assumption that emergencies occurs rarely. Local government assumes that their responsibility in emergencies relief are limited like providing road repair or crime prevention. T he concept of preparedness planning is subsequently lost(ICMA 2003). The government should aware of the principle in any emergency that occurred on the crucial participation of affected communities ,how to provide income generation, rebuild social support networks, activities essential for maintaining cultural identities and reviving and conserving the often protective but vulnerable ecosystem(Johnston et al. 2001) The major concern is how to involve local people in preparations management of emergency situations. Each citizen should aware about public safety rights. One major inference that can be drawn from the history of emergencies that natural emergencies are happening from the day earth evolved but man made emergencies are born in 21st century. Some threats are perpetuated over time and across space creating a emergencies culture replete with unsustainable practices. Other like human induced threat like terrorism are equally complex as they are equally challenging to detect on time, warning response due to their adaptive nature means if terrorist detected they immediately change their target, location ,method of delivery or scale of attack. In such situation it is very difficult to access all the points of vulnerability even by modern technology. Research objectives Enlisting of probable natural and manmade emergenciess by analyze statistics related to emergencies. To find the root causes of emergenciess and Suggesting finding new methods, measures technologies so that root causes can be eliminated or reduced. To develop a methodology for providing timely and economically feasible inputs for assessing the emergencies that are risky to people and assets. To establish how to effectively incorporate risk assessment into the process of strategy formulation, with particular emphasis on its contribution to establishing the cost-benefit of mitigation measures. Obtaining inputs from National Emergencies Management Agency/other national /state institutes. Risk and vulnerability mapping. To evaluate the use of GIS as a tool for Data storage and integration interoperability. Identification of stakeholders convening meeting of stake holders. Exploring Technological and managerial methodologies for effective working of emergency preparedness cell to forecast emergencies rescue people in post emergencies period. Developing training information system features to increase people participation during such emergencies. Finding causes of failure of emergencies management network in some cases. Inter linkage of developmental programmes with emergency preparedness programmes. Evolving legal framework for emergencies mitigation. Coordination with civil society organization, corporates, etc. Media management plans. Emergencies are not equally distributed among all locations and social groups or we can easily infer after seeing the history of geographically distributed map of world that countries which are less developing in terms of economy are more threatened by natural emergencies in comparison to developed one. One reason may be that due to advance machinery, science, technology and fund sources natural emergencies are mitigated on proper time. Developed countries in present era are suffering from man made emergencies like terrorism, although developing countries are not away from such emergencies .but in developed countries such emergencies cause heavy to very heavy destruction to property and infrastructure that even shake the whole world in a minute where in developing countries mostly bomb blast are the common method of spreading terrorism which mainly causes loss of human life. For government, NGOs and local people some factors related to emergencies safety should be illustrated properly: Identification of risk or emergencies: every person concern should be aware about the risk associated with the area they exist whether it is residential or workplace. Then the root cause behind the risk. Why that risk can occur any time should be clear to every body associated. Decision making ability during emergencies: this can be achieved through training and simulation process. All that have threat of emergencies should know what to do when emergencies occur so minimum loss they suffer. Perception behavioural linkage: role of fear, emotions, trust, personal responsibility altruism in risk perception risk sharing emergencies response. Emergence convergence: role of emergent technologies, organizations, social groups in anticipatory planning for and response to emergencies, role of convergence in response and conditions that support adaptive behaviour during crisis. Universality replication: Through localized case studies after event analyses broader generalization of human response to environmental threats unexpected events are concluded. Thesis organisation The thesis is divided into six chapters: First Chapter describes the purpose of the study, the main problem to be addressed, the research objectives and the reasoning behind the selection of the case study. In terms of the purpose, the effects of natural and human induced emergenciess in developing and developed countries are documented. It addresses the need to produce forecasts of possible loss attributable to the different hazardous events that could take place, and their use for establishing the cost-benefit of alternatives to ensure successful urban policies and adequate economic resource allocation. Second Chapter, a general literature review is presented. The chapter begins with a review of the calls made by the various international organisations dealing with emergencies and issues on the subject of emergencies mitigation planning. The second part of this chapter presents studies conducted in this area and then the scope for improvent for better decision-making process in emergencies-prone areas should include Third Chapter explains Indian scenerio of emergency preparedness in terms of bye-lawa , policies and strategies. A set of guidelines for early warning sysrtem, mitigation, prevention and preparedness is documented. Four Chapter is devoted to reviewing current views and methodologies for population and building vulnerability and risk determination for emergenciess.A description of the methodology that will be utilized, as well as a description of the required data inputs The problems is analysed with proper datasets. Emergencies data collected and analysed across the Globe. Method of analysis is presented and approach adopted for emergencies management by government in developing and developed countries is described with risk modelling.The damage data to be used for testing the methodology in the case study will be described. Fifth Chapter presents 26th July 2005 flood in Mumbai city as a case of emergency preparedness by government of India and emergency preparedness policy is analysed and various relevant regulations are discussed. The stakeholders are identified and both their roles and responsibilities are analysed. Sixth Chapter has the results of the risk assessment and analyse the implications of these results for the formulation of planning, strategies and policies. The results of the research are presented along with recommendations for further research. Literature review Literature review Various researchers have worked on issues related to emergencies, hazards and risks etc. These issues are interdisciplinary and interdependent .In literature review chapter the objective is to know about their study and results they derived in this field. Efforts of institutions like United Nation and programmes launched in this field are also documented in this chapter. Samuel princes doctoral dissertation in 1920 , in which he invested the response to the 1917 Halifax shipping explosion , has had an enormous impact on emergency research (Scanlon, 1988;Scanlon et al. 2001). In 1942 the first theoretical research was done by Pitrim Sorokin in Man and society in calamity. Sorokin found a promising direction for resolving crisis in a calamity situation by developing integral knowledge and values culture into personal and collective action in social organistion (Ford et al. 1996) Classical notions were contributed by : Fritz in 1961 (restorative community: a collaborative effort with a mission to build the capacity and sustainability of organisations, initiatives and networks); Thompson et al. in 1962 (artificial community: accidentally come together for short time); Thompson et al. in 1962 (mass assault: a violent onset or attack on a community by physical means); Barton in 1969 (unselfish community: deliberate pursuit of the interests or welfare of others or the public interest); Taylor et al. in 1970 (the utopian community: an ideal community or society); Parr in 1970 (emergence: the act of emerging a disaster response structure); Bardo in 1978 (emergent behaviour: communities operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviours as a collective). Meaning of disaster According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Disaster is the group of two words dis means Bad and aster means Star. This means disaster caused when stars comes in bad position. Disaster means a natural and manmade hazard that negatively affects society or environment. Jeffery 1981 Disasters are now very common feature of human life extreme events can happen any time. The definition given by Quarantille in his book (what is disaster by Quarantille 1984) is varied and detailed and can be inferred as disaster are social in character. Another researcher Gilbert defines it as a state of uncertainty. Fritz (1961) interpreted it as a state in which social life get disturbed Sociologist define disaster in social, economic, cultural aspects whereas geophysical scientist engineers give different perspectives of disasters According to  Leo Buscaglia Normal adjustments of earth are hazardous to human. Internal and external process of the earth causes natural hazard that destroy human, wildlife and property. Natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanoes, flood, drought, solar flare and asteroids impacts. On These two big forces, we have very little control over external forces. What really matters is the internal force. How do we respond to them? Centre for research on the Epidemiology of Disasters defines a disaster as a situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, need arises for national or international assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering. Studies conducted in this area The United Nations launched a study program to aware people to get prepared against emergencies. The study stated that: To increase the capacity to mitigate the emergencies of every country, with special attention being given to assisting developing countries in assessing disaster damage potential, and in establishing early warning systems and disaster-resistant structures. To apply scientific and technology for preparing strategies considering the cultural and economic diversity of the country. To encourage scientific and engineering endeavor aimed at addressing gaps in knowledge so that loss of life and assets get reduce. To spread latest and existing technical information related to measures for assessing, predicting and mitigating natural disasters. Transfer of technology, demonstration of projects, education and training, and to evaluate the effectiveness of those programmes is another important aspect of emergency preparedness. In 1994 the member countries of the United Nations launched a program for Strategy and action plan for a Safer World, which provided the guidelines for disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation. The Yokohama strategy emphasizes the following issues: Human and institutional capacity-building for quick response during disaster Compilation and sharing of information via networking at regional, national and international level Risk assessment as well as the monitoring and communication of forecasts should be done at appropriate time Sub-regional, regional and international cooperation is essential Efficient mobilization of resources is necessary United Nations initiatives and in the context of the American continent, the Organization of American States (OAS, 1991) has made a report stating: In the integrated development process projects for emergency preparedness is one of the priorities of governments. Policies for risk reduction in evaluating investment projects Expenditure for prevention activities relating to rehabilitation, relocation and reconstruction are increased. United Nations Disaster Relief Co-coordinator (1991) stressed that, To some extent, the task of government of hazard prone countries relates to gathering, processing and presenting data to allow a series of questions to be answered so that decision-makers can formulate successful strategies. United Nations definitions (1991) to explain how risk is assessed are provided and a summary is made regarding the disciplines concerned: H Rs Rt V v E Conceptual Flowchart of Risk Assessment Natural hazard (H) determination includes the estimation of the possibility of occurrence of a potential natural hazard. The disciplines concerned are earth and atmospheric science. Vulnerability (V) determination involves the estimation of the degree of loss suffered by a set of element at risk , caused because of occurrence of a emergency of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage). The disciplines concerned are human geography, construction engineering, etc. The Elements at risk (E) include the people, infrastructure, public services, other as